Placeholder Image

Chapter 5: Conclusion

The ADEA Faculty Diversity Toolkit is a living document and resource guide to assist dental schools and allied dental programs in improving the recruitment and retention of historically underrepresented and marginalized faculty.

The overview of barriers that diverse faculty often encounter should be used as an opportunity to examine policies, programs, practices and institutional culture for strategic improvements. The section highlighting key barriers can also be used to guide environmental assessments designed to ensure that various areas of concern are represented in questionnaires and surveys.

Additionally, the highlighted best practices serve as possible models for adaption and transferability to individual campuses and programs. The best practices and recommendations also provide an opportunity for campus groups and leadership to delve deeper into the research regarding these topics and other promising best practices that may benefit the recruitment and retention of diverse faculty on individual campuses.


Chapter 5 Sections

Conclusion


Work Cited

Work Cited (A-G)

ADEA Academic Dental Careers Fellowship Program (ADEA ADCFP). Accessed: August 22, 2018.

ADEA Access, Diversity and Inclusion Strategic Framework 1-1. June 2018. Accessed February 23, 2020.

ADEA/W.K. Kellogg Foundation Minority Dental Faculty Development and Inclusion Program. Accessed July 15, 2019.

ADEA Scholarships, Awards and Fellowships.  Accessed February 23, 2020.

A Faculty Handbook for Success: Advancement and Promotion at University of California – San Francisco. November 8, 2018. Accessed July 2, 2019.

Alexander, CJ and Mitchell, DA. The role of enrichment programs in strengthening the academic pipeline to dental education. J Dent Educ Supplement. 2010;74(10);S110-S120.

Alger, JR. Dealing with diversity in the 21st century: Affirmative Action in employment. 2008. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University. Accessed: January 5, 2017.

American Council on Education, American Association of University Professors, and United Educators Insurance Risk Retention Group. Good Tenure Evaluation in Advice for Tenured Faculty, Department Chairs, and Academic Administrators. Washington, DC: ACE;2000. Accessed July 2, 2019. 

Ambady N, Shih M, Kim A, and Pittinsky T L. Stereotype susceptibility in children: Effects of identity activation on quantitative performance. Psychological Science. 2001;12: 385-390.

American Dental Education Association. Applicants, Enrollees and Graduates. Accessed June 16, 2019.

American Dental Education Association. Scholarships, Awards and Fellowships for Students. Accessed: May 3, 2019.

American Dental Education Association. Dental School Faculty 2018. Washington, DC: ADEA. Accessed August 17, 2018.

American Dental Association. Income and Gross Billings. ADA Health Policy Institute. Accessed June 19, 2019.

American Dental Education Association. Percentage of U.S. Allied Health Faculty by Race and Ethnicity, 2015-2016. Washington, DC: ADEA. Accessed July 10, 2019.

American Dental Education Association. ADEA Dental School Faculty Salary Report 2015-2016. Washington, DC: ADEA, 2017.

American Dental Education Association. ADEA Snapshot of Dental Education 2017-2018. Washington, DC: ADEA.

American Dental Education Association. ADEA Snapshot of Dental Education 2018-2019. Accessed June 19, 2019.

Antecol H, Bedard K, and Stearns, J. Equal but Inequitable: Who Benefits from Gender-Neutral Tenure Clock Stopping Policies? The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) in Bonn, Germany. Discussion Paper 9904. April 2016.Accessed June 29, 2019.

Antonio AL. Faculty of color reconsidered: Reassessing contributions to scholarship. J Higher Educ. 2002;73(5):582-602.

Aronson J, Lustina M J, Good C, Keough, K, Steele C M, and Brown J. When White Men Can’t Do Math: Necessary and Sufficient Factors in Stereotype Threat. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2001; 35: 29-46.

Artinian NT, Drees BM, Glazer G et al. Holistic admissions in the health professions: strategies for leaders. Coll Uiv. 2017;92(2):65-68.

Association of American Medical Colleges. Cultural Competence Education. Washington DC: AAMC, 2005 citing Cross, T L et al. Towards a Culturally Competent System of Care: A Monograph on Effective Services for Minority Children, National Center for Cultural Competence. Washington, DC; Georgetown University, 1989.

Bennett MJ. A Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity The Intercultural Development Research Institute. Accessed July 12, 2019.

Bensimon EA. The Diversity Scorecard: A Learning Approach to Institutional Change. Change. January/February 2004;45-52. Accessed July 8, 2019.

Best practices in recruiting and retaining underrepresented U.S. minority faculty: A handbook for institutional leaders and faculty search committees at the University of Minnesota. Twin Cities, MN: Office of Diversity and Equity. 2012. Accessed: January 6, 2017.

Betancourt JR, Green AR, and II Ananeh-Firempong O. Defining Cultural Competence: A Practical Framework for Addressing Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Health and Health Care. Public Health Reports. July-August 2003;118:293-302.

Blakley Harris T, Thomson WA, Moreno NP et al. Advancing Holistic Review for Faculty Recruitment and Advancement. Acad Med. 2018;93:1658–1662. Accessed January 4, 2020.

Brown University Office of Institutional Equity and Diversity. Diversity Dashboard. Accessed July 8, 2019.

Campinha-Bacote, J. The process of cultural competence in the delivery of healthcare services. Accessed August 28, 2019.

Campinha-Bacote, J. The Process of Cultural Competence in the Delivery of Healthcare Services: A Model of Care. Journal of Transcultural Nursing. 2002:13(3); 181–184.

Carline JD, Patterson DG, Davis LA, et al. Enrichment programs for undergraduate college students intended to increase the representation of minorities in medicine. Acad Med. 1998;73: 299-312.

Carr E, Ennis R, Baus L. The dental hygiene faculty shortage: Causes, solutions and recruitment tactics. J Dent Hyg. 2010;84(4):165-169.

Catalyst. Knowledge Center: Visible Minorities in Canada. April 9, 2018. Accessed October 12, 2018.

Cheryan S, Plaut VC, Davies PG, Steele CM. Ambient belonging: How stereotypical cues impact gender participation in computer science. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2010;44(2):251-257.

Chinese American Medical Society. CAMS Scholarship Programs. Accessed May 3, 2019.

Chung LC and Rendon LI. Educating for wholeness in the intersections. Diversity and Democracy. Washington, DC: AACU. Winter 2018;21(1):8-12.

Clance PR, and Imes SA. The Impostor Phenomenon in High Achieving Women: Dynamics and Therapeutic Interventions. Psychotherapy: Theory Research and Practice. 1978;15: 241 247. Accessed June 29, 2019.

Colby S and Ortman JM. Projections of the Size and Comparison of the U.S. Population: 2014 to 2060, Current Population Reports, P25-1143. Washington D.C.: U.S. Census Bureau; 2014. 

Collaborative on Academic Careers in Higher Education. Benchmark Best Practices: Mentoring. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Graduate School of Education, 2014. Accessed February 23, 2020. 

Comas-Diaz, L. Multicultural Care: A Clinician’s Guide to Cultural Competence. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2012.

Commission on Dental Accreditation. Accreditation Standards for Dental Education Programs. 2018. Chicago, IL: CODA. Accessed: August 23, 2018.

Commission on Dental Accreditation. Accreditation Standards for Dental Therapy Education Programs. Chicago, IL: CODA. Accessed August 23, 2018. 

Coplen, AE. The Need for New Qualified Dental Hygiene Educators. Access 2010; 24(8): 4-5. 

Cornell University Office of Institutional Research and Planning. Diversity Dashboards. Accessed July 8, 2019.

Decision for Dentistry. Rutgers University School of Dental Medicine. Accessed May 1, 2018.

Dental ARCH expands pipeline programs: Diversity Corner. University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus School of Dental Medicine. Accessed May 1, 2019.

East Carolina School of Dental Medicine. ECU Launches New Dental Training Initiative to Recruit and Retain Underserved Students, Address Oral Health Crisis in Communities of Need. Accessed August 24, 2018.

Equity Diversity and Inclusion. Faculty Search Committee Toolkit. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Los Angeles; 2016. Accessed January 8, 2017. 

Emory University Office of Equity and Inclusion. Annual Faculty Recruitment Plan. Accessed August 15, 2019.

Everfi. Small Acts of Kindness: Micro-Affirmations and Campus Climate. Accessed August 15, 2019.

Formicola, AJ et al. Creating an environment for diversity in dental schools: One school’s approach. J Dent Educ. May 2003;67(5):492-499.

Friedman PK, Arena C, Atchison K et al. Report of the ADEA President’s Commission on Mentoring. J of Dental Educ. March 2004;68(3):390-396.

Fries-Britt SL, Rowan-Kenyon HT, Perna LW, Milem JF, Howard DG. Underrepresentation in the academy and the institutional climate for faculty diversity. Journal of the Professoriate. September 1, 2011;5(1):1-34.

Frey WH. Diversity Explosion: How new racial demographics are remaking America. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2018.

Garcia M, ed. Succeeding In An Academic Career: A Guide for Faculty of Color. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2000.

Ginther DK, Schaffer WT, et al. Race, Ethnicity and NIH Research Awards. Science. August 19, 2011;1015-1019. Accessed July 15, 2019.

Gironda, MW, Bibb CA, Lefever K et al. A program to recruit and mentor future academic dentists: successes and challenges. J Dent Educ. 2013;77(3):292-299.

Glass CR and Westmont CM. Comparative effects of belongingness on the academic success and cross cultural interactions of domestic and international students. International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 2014;90(4):715-741.

Graham B. Obamacare Or Not, U.S. Needs 5.6 Million Heathcare Workers By 2020. Stemcareer. June 21, 2012. Accessed January 3, 2019; Carnevale AP, Smith N, and Melton M. STEM: Executive Summary. Washington, DC: Georgetown Center on Education and the Workforce. Accessed January 3, 2020.

Guenter-Schlesinger S, Ojikuto, K. Best practices: Recruiting and retaining faculty and staff of color. Bellingham, WA: Western Washington University; 2009. Accessed January 7, 2017.

Work Cited (H-M)

Haji-Akbari A. Higher ed needs new approaches to hiring faculty members with disabilities (opinion). Inside Higher ED. April 9, 2018. Accessed July 31, 2019.

Harvard School of Dental Medicine. Pathways into dentistry pipeline program recognized with national STEM award. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University. Accessed August 22, 2018.

Harvard University Project Implicit. Accessed: January 10, 2017.

Healey, L. Do U.S. Accrediting Agencies Do Enough to Assess Diversity Efforts? Insight Into Diversity. October 26, 2016. Accessed August 24, 2018.

Higher Education Recruitment Consortium. Maximizing your dual career job search with HERC. Accessed August 13, 2019.

Hispanic Dental Association Foundation. Scholarship Program. Accessed May 3, 2019.

HRSA Faculty Loan Repayment Program. Accessed August 22, 2018.

Hudson Global. 4 Types of unconscious bias in the workplace. Accessed October 10, 2018.

Increasing Diversity in Dentistry Institute Corporation. Creating Opportunities that Increase Access to Oral Healthcare in America. Accessed May 2, 2019.

Inglehart, MR, et al. Recruiting underrepresented minority and low-income high school students into dentistry while education dental and dental hygiene students about academic careers. J Dent Educ. March 2014;78(3):423-436.

Jongen C, McCalman, and Bainbridge R. Health workforce cultural competency interventions: a systemic scoping review. BMC Health Services Research. 2018;18(232):1-15.

Jimenez M. Diversity Pipeline for New Dentists: A Symposium brings underrepresented undergrads to the clinic to learn about life as a dental student. TuftsNow. June 26, 2017. Accessed August 24, 2018.

Kent State University Division of Diversity, Equity and Inclusion. Data Reports. 2015-16 Kent State University Diversity Score Card Report. Accessed July 8, 2019.

Kumra T, Hsu YJ, Cheng TL, Marsteller JA, McGuire M, and Cooper L. The association between organizational cultural competence and teamwork climate in a network of primary care practices. Health Care Manage Rev. 2018;45(1):1-11. 

Lacy ES, McCann AL, Miller BH et al. Achieving student diversity in dental schools: a model that works. J Dent Educ. May 2012;76(5):523-533.

Lavernia EJ, Diversity Statement Requirement for all Faculty Applicants. 2015. Accessed January 5, 2016.

Lee CD. Search Committees: A Comprehensive Guide to Successful Faculty, Staff, and Administrative Searches, 2nd ed. Sterling, VA: Stylus Publishing, LLC; 2014.

Legal Information Institute Cornell University. Employment Discrimination. Accessed January 6, 2017.

Leonard JD. Impostor Syndrome: Academic Identity Under Siege? The Chronicle of Higher Education. February 4, 2015. Accessed June 29, 2018.

Lewis D and Paulesen E, eds. Proceedings of the Diversity and Inclusion Innovation Forum: Unconscious Bias in Academic Medicine. How the Prejudices We Don’t Know We Have Affect Medical Education, Medical Careers, and Patient Health. Association of American Medical Colleges and The Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity. Accessed June 23, 2019.

Liaison Committee on Medical Education. Functions and Structure of a Medical School: Standards for Accreditation of Medical Education Programs Leading to the MD Degree. March 2018. Washington, DC: LCME. Accessed August 23, 2018.

Lisnic R, Zajicek A, and Morimoto S. Gender and Race Differences in Faculty Assessment of Tenure Clarity: The Influence of Departmental Relationships and Practices. Sociology of Race and Ethnicity. 2019;5(2):244–260.

Mack D, Watson ED, and Camacho MM. eds. Mentoring Faculty of Color: Essays on Professional Development and Advancement in Colleges and Universities. Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Company, 2013.

MacNeil L, Driscoll A, and Hunt AN. What’s in a Name: Exposing Gender Bias in Student Ratings of Teaching. Innovative Higher Education. December 2014; 40(4): 291-303. 

Madera JM, Hebl MR, and Martin R. Gender and Letters of Recommendation for Academia. Agentic and Communal Differences. Journal of Applied Psychology. 2009;94(6):1591-1599. Accessed July 19, 2019.

Manchr M. NYU’s Saturday Academy engages teens, looks to increase diversity. ADA News. 2019; 14; Saturday Academy. NYU Dentistry. Accessed May 22, 2019.

Mason MA. Rethinking the Tenure Clock: Dealing with the rigidities of the tenure system is a key reform facing academe, if we want tenure to persist. The Chronicle of Higher Education. May 28, 2009. Accessed June 29, 2019.

Mathews KR. Perspectives on Midcareer Faculty and Advice for Supporting Them. Cambridge, MA: Collaborative on Academic Careers in Higher Education Harvard Graduate School of Education, 2014.

McCann A. Texas A&M College of Dentistry Faculty Campus Climate Survey. Accessed June 29, 2019.

McCants, JB. Methods to increase underrepresented minority student enrollment and retention at the University of Louisville School of Dentistry. J Dent Educ. 2011;75(12):1542-1547.

Medical University of South Carolina Strategic Plan for Diversity and Inclusion. Accessed January 5, 2020.

Middle School to dental School Piloted Introduced at 28th Annual SAID Conference. Society of American Indian Dentists. Accessed May 1, 2018.

Milem JF. Increasing diversity benefits: how campus climate and teaching methods affect student outcomes. In: Orfield G. Diversity Challenged: Evidence on the Impact of Affirmative Action. Cambridge, MA:  Harvard Education Publishing Group; 2001:233-249.

Milem, JF, Chang, MJ, Antonio, AL. Making diversity work on campus: A research based perspective. Washington, DC: Association of American Colleges and Universities, 2005.

Moody J. Faculty Diversity: Removing the Barriers. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge, 2012.

Moody J. Rising Above Cognitive Errors: Guidelines for Search, Tenure Review, and other Evaluation Committees. Keynote Speech.  WEPAN/NAMEPA 2005 Joint Conference; Las Vegas, NV. Accessed July 1, 2019.

Moody J. Rising Above Cognitive Errors Guidelines for Search, Tenure Review, and Other Evaluation Committee. Accessed July 1, 2019.

Moss-Racusin CA, Dovidio JF et al. Science faculty’s subtle gender biases favor male students. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences. October 4, 2012;109(41):16474-16479. Accessed July 15, 2019.

Murphy MC, Steele CM, and Gross JJ. Signaling threat: How situational cures affect women in math, science, and engineering settings. Psychological Science. 2007;18(10):879-885.

 

Work Cited (N-S)

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Sexual Harassment of Women: Climate, Culture, and Consequences in Academic Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2018. Accessed July 2, 2019.

National Dental Association. NDAF – Making Health Equity a Reality. Accessed May 3, 2019.

National Hispanic Medical Association. NHMA College Health Scholars Program. Accessed May 3, 2019.

National Institute of Health Council of Public Representatives. Community Engagement Framework for Peer Review Guidance: Peer Review Criteria for Assessing Community Engagement in Research Proposals. Accessed July 2, 2019.

Nelson Laird, TF. College students’ experiences with diversity and their effects on academic self-confidence, social agency and disposition toward critical thinking. Res High Educ. 2005; 46:365-387. Accessed January 5, 2017. 

Nunez-Smith M, Ciarleglio MM, Sandoval-Schaefer T, Elumn J, Castillo-Page L, Peduzzi P, Bradley EH. Institutional variation in the promotion of racial/ethnic minority faculty at US medical schools. Am. J. Public Health. May 2012;102(5):852-858. 

Office of Diversity and Equity. Best practices in recruiting and retaining underrepresented U.S. minority faculty: A handbook for institutional leaders and faculty search committees. Twin Cities, MN: University of Minnesota. 2012. Accessed January 6, 2017.

Office of Faculty Affairs. Recommendations for Ensuring the Integrity of Faculty Searches Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, 2016. Accessed January 5, 2017.

Office of Faculty Development. Best practices for faculty searches. Seattle, WA: University of Washington. February 2016. Accessed January 4, 2017.

Office of the Vice Provost for Faculty Advancement. Columbia University Guide to Best Practices in Faculty Retention. November 2018. Accessed February 23, 2020.

Office of the Vice Provost for Faculty Advancement. Columbia University Guide to Best Practices in Faculty Search and Hiring. Accessed May 3, 2019.

Office of the Vice Provost for Faculty Advancement. Columbia University Guide to Best Practices in Faculty Mentoring. August 2016. Accessed February 22, 2020.

O’Meara KA. Change the Tenure System. It’s time to admit the biases in current promotion systems, and to work to prevent them. January 13, 2014.  Accessed July 15, 2019.

Online search committee informational module for faculty, department chairs, and deans. Newark, NJ: Rutgers University. 2012. Accessed January 4, 2017.

Padilla AM. Ethnic Minority Scholars, Research, and Mentoring: Current and Future Issues. Educational Researcher. May 1994; 24-27. Accessed June 29, 2019.

Parkman A. The Imposter Phenomenon in Higher Education: Incidents and Impact. Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice. 2016; 16(1): 51-60.

Peek, ME, Kim KE, Johnson JK, Vela MB. URM candidates are encouraged to apply: A national study to identify effective strategies to enhance racial and ethnic faculty diversity in academic departments of medicine. Acad Med. 2013; 88:405-412.

Penn Faculty Pathways Program. Accessed July 1, 2019.

Pololi, L, Evans AT, Gibbs, BK, Krupat E, Brennan, RT, Civian, JT. The experience of minority faculty who are underrepresented in medicine, at 26 representative U.S. medical schools. Acad Med. 2013; 88:1308-1314.

Price SS, Grant-Mills D. Effective admissions practices to achieve greater student diversity in dental school. J Dent Educ. 2010;74(10):672-681.

Promising Practices for Recruiting and Retaining Diverse Faculty.  Chicago, IL: University of Chicago. Accessed January 6, 2017.

Purdue University Chemistry Department. A plan for broadening participation in chemistry. Accessed January 4, 2017.

Rackley BP, Wheat JR, Moore CE, et al. The southern rural access program and Alabama’s rural health leaders pipeline: a partnership to develop needed minority health care professionals. J Rural Health. 2003:19(suppl):354-360.

Rankin S, Weber G, Blumenfeld W, and Frazer S. State of Higher Education for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender people. Charlotte, NC: Campus Pride, 2010. Accessed July 31, 2019.

Recruitment Committee of The Johns Hopkins University Commission on Equity, Civility and Respect. Strategies for Successfully Recruiting a Diverse Faculty (Best Practices). Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University; 2009. Accessed January 11, 2017.

Recruitment Toolkit. Duke University School of Medicine Office of Diversity and Inclusion. Accessed January 4, 2020.

Reis R. Tomorrow’s Professor Postings. Barriers to Faculty Diversity. Stanford University. Accessed June 28, 2019.

Report on Collegiality as a Criterion for Faculty Evaluation. Academe. Revised 2016. Accessed August 15, 2019.

Report on Collegiality as a Criterion for Faculty Evaluation. Academe. September-October 1999: 69-70.

Roehling, MV and Granberry Russell P, eds. Faculty search toolkit: A resource for search committees and administrators at Michigan State University (NSF ADVANCE Grant #0811205). East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University. Accessed January 9, 2017.

Ross MS, Fletcher TL, Cox MF, Main JB. African American women in the academe: a comprehensive literature review through the lens of intersectionality. Paper presented at: 122nd ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition Seattle; June 14-17, 2015; Seattle, WA; Accessed July 30, 2019.

Rothbard NP, Phillips KW and Dumas TL. Managing multiple roles: work-family policies and individual’s desires for segmentation. Organization Science. 2005;16(3):243- 258.

Rowe, M.  Micro-affirmations and micro-inequities. Journal of the International Ombudsman Association. 2008; 1(1): 45-48.

Saltzstein AL, Ting Y. and Saltzstein GH. Work-family balance and job satisfaction: The impact of family-friendly policies on attitudes of federal government employees. Public Administration Review. 2001;61:452-467.

Sinkford JC and Valachovic R. Growing Your Own: The ADEA Minority Dental Faculty Development Program, A Manual for Institutional Leadership in Diversity. Washington, DC: American Dental Education Association, 2011.

Smith DG. Diversity’s Promise for Higher Education: Making It Work. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press, 2015.

Smith DG and Wolf-Wendel, LE. The Challenge of Diversity. Involvement or Alienation in the Academy? ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report . Vol. 31(1). Washington, DC: ASHE-ERIC; 2005.

Smith, SG, Nsiah-Kumi, PA, Jones, PR, Pamies, RJ. Pipeline programs in the health professions, Part 1: Preserving Diversity and Reducing Health Disparities. J Nat Med Assoc. September 2009;101(9):836-851.

Smith DG. The Challenge of Diversity. Involvement or Alienation in the Academy? ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report No. 5. ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Reports. Washington, DC: The George Washington University, 1989.

Society of American Indian Dentists. Scholarships. Accessed May 3, 2019.

Spencer S J, Steele C M, and Quinn DM. Stereotype threat and women's math performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 1999;35:4-28.

Springer A. How to diversify the faculty. 2006. San Francisco, CA: American Association of University Professors. Accessed January 10, 2017.

Statistics Canada. 2016 Census. Ethnic and cultural origins of Canadians: Portrait of a rich heritage. October 25, 2017. Accessed February 23, 2020.

Steele CM and Aronson J. Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African-Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1995;69;797-811.

Stetler, C. Program to Boost Diversity in Academic Dentistry Gets Funding. October 15, 2017.  Accessed August 24, 2018.

Stewart AJ and Valian V. An Inclusive Academy: Achieving Diversity and Excellence. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 2018. 

Stroessner S and Good C. Stereotype Threat: An Overview, Excerpts and adaptations from reducing Stereotype threat.org. Reprinted and adapted with permission. Adapted by R. Rhys. Accessed July 15, 2019.

Sue DW. Microaggression: More Than Just Race. Accessed June 23, 2019.

Sue DW, Alsaidi S, Awad MN, et al. Disarming Racial Microaggressions: Microintervention Strategies for Targets, White Allies, and Bystanders. American Psychological Association. 2019:74(1);128-142.

Sue DW, Capodilupo CM, Torino GC, Bucceri, JM, Holder AMB, Nadal, KL, Esquilin, M. Racial microaggressions in everyday life: Implications for clinical practice. American Psychologist. 2007;62: 271–286.

Sue DW, and Constantine, MG. Effective multicultural consultation and organizational development. In: Constantine, MG and Sue, DW, eds. Strategies for Building Multicultural Competence in Mental Health and Educational Settings. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2005.

Summer Health Professions Education Program. Shpep.org. Accessed January 16, 2018.

 

Work Cited (T-W)

Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Dentistry. Bridge to Dentistry: Outreach and Educational Programs Leading to Careers in Dentistry. Accessed August 23, 2018.

The College of Sciences and Humanities Task Force on Diversity. A guide to recruiting and retaining a more diverse faculty December 2008. Muncie, IN: Ball State University. Accessed January 5, 2017.

The Duke University Trinity Administration. New EEO Tagline for Faculty Search Ads. Accessed May 3, 2019.

The Presidents and Fellows of Harvard College. Best Practices for Conducting Faculty Searches. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, 2016. Accessed January 5, 2017. 

The Rutgers School of Dental Medicine Dental Pipeline. Middle School Level Dental Exploration Program. Accessed May 1, 2018.

The Rutgers School of Dental Medicine Pipeline. Primary School Level Dental Express Program. Accessed May 1, 2018.

The University California Irvine ADVANCE Program. Applicant diversity statement in faculty search process frequently asked questions. Irvine, CA: UCI; 2015. Accessed January 5, 2017.

The University of California Los Angeles School of Dentistry. STEM pipeline programs: let there be endless opportunities. Los Angeles, CA: University of California – Los Angeles. Accessed August 22, 2018.

The University of California San Diego Office for Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion. Accountability: Building Community Trust Together Dashboards. Accessed July 8, 2019.

The University of California, San Francisco Faculty Handbook for Success. Revised September 6, 2019. Accessed February 22, 2020.

The University of California San Francisco Office of Diversity and Outreach. Unconscious Bias Resources. Accessed: October 10, 2018.

The University of California San Francisco School of Dentistry. DDS/PhD. Accessed: May 3, 2019.

The University of California San Francisco School of Dentistry. Mission, Vision and Values. Accessed May 3, 2019. 

The University of California San Francisco School of Dentistry. UCSF School of Dentistry Strategic Plan 2015-2020. Accessed May 3, 2019.

The University of Illinois Chicago. Equal Opportunity Statements. Accessed May 3, 2019.

The University of Michigan Center for Research on Teaching and Learning. Mentoring: General. Accessed July 1, 2019.

The University of Michigan School of Dentistry Climate Study: Final Report April 2015. Accessed June 29, 2019.

The University of Michigan School of Dentistry. Research and Training Opportunities. Accessed May 2, 2019.

The University of North Carolina Center for Faculty Excellence. Mentoring for Diversity and Inclusion: What is climate? Why does it Matter? Accessed July 1, 2019.

The University of North Carolina School of Medicine. About the MED Program. Accessed August 22, 2018.

The University of Rhode Island.  ADVANCE Faculty Retention Check list. Accessed January 7, 2017.

The University of Texas Health San Antonio School of Dentistry. Graduation with Distinction in Dental Education. Accessed August 22, 2018.

The University of Washington ADVANCE Center for Institutional Change. Faculty retention and work/life. Seattle, WA: n. Accessed January 7, 2017.

The University of Washington ADVANCE Center for Institutional Change. Faculty retention toolkit for the College of Engineering and the College of Arts & Sciences. Seattle, Washington: University of Washington, 2006. Accessed: January 7, 2017.

Toolkit Volume I: A Case for Dental Academic/Community Partnerships for Leadership and Diversity. ADEA Minority Dental Faculty Development and Inclusion Program. Washington, DC: American Dental Education Association; April 2016. Accessed July 15, 2019.

Toolkit Volume II: A Case for Dental Academic/Community Partnerships for Leadership and Diversity. ADEA Minority Dental Faculty Development and Inclusion Program. Washington, DC: American Dental Education Association, February 2017. Accessed July 15, 2019.

Trix F, Psenka C. Exploring the color of glass: Letters of recommendation for female and male medical faculty. Discourse & Society. 2003;14:191-220.

Tufts School of Dental Medicine. Diversity. Accessed May 2, 2019.

Tulane University Faculty Recruitment Action Plan. Accessed August 15, 2019.

Turner CSV. Before starting a faculty search, take a good look at the search committee. The Chronicle of Higher Education;53(6):B32, B34.

Turner CSV. Diversifying the Faculty: A Guidebook for Search Committees. Washington DC: Association of American Colleges and Universities, 2002. 

Umbach PD. The contribution of faculty of color to undergraduate education. Res High Educ. May 1, 2006;47(3):317-345.

University of Chicago Office of the Deputy Provost for Research and Minority Issues. Promising Practices for Recruiting and Retaining Diverse Faculty. 2015. Accessed January 4, 2020.

U.S. Department of Education. The Condition of Education 2017 (NCES 2017-144), Characteristics of Postsecondary Faculty. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics, 2017. Accessed July 16, 2018.

United States. Equal Employment Opportunity Executive Order 11246, As Amended by Executive Order 11375. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Labor, Employment Standards Administration, Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs, 1990. Accessed January 9, 2017.

Urban Universities for Health. Holistic Admissions in the Health Professions: Findings from a National Survey. New York, NY: Urban Universities for Health, 2014. Accessed August 15, 2019.

Virginia Commonwealth University. Strategies for Successfully Recruiting a Diverse Faculty. Richmond VA: Office of Equal Opportunity Employment/Affirmative Action Services. Accessed January 4, 2017.

Vision and Mission. University of Washington School of Dentistry Web site. Accessed June 20, 2019. 

Walsh M, Hickey C, and Duffy J. Influence of item content and stereotype situation on gender differences in mathematical problem solving. Sex Roles. 1999; 41: 219-240.

Western Association of Schools and Colleges Senior College and University Commission. 2013 Handbook on Accreditation. Accessed August 23, 2018.

Williams DA and Wade-Golden KC. The Chief Diversity Officer: Strategy, Structure and Change Management. Sterling, VA: Stylus Publishing, 2013.

Williams JC and Lee J. Is It Time to Stop Stopping the Clock? No, but it may be time to redraft our poorly designed policies. The Chronicle of Higher Education. August 9, 2016. Accessed August 15, 2019.

Witham K, Malcom-Piqueux LE, Dowd AC and Bensimon EM. America’s Unmet Promise: The Imperative for Equity in Higher Education. Washington, DC: Association of American Colleges and Universities, 2015.

Wolfers J. A Family-Friendly Policy That’s Friendliest to Male Professors. New York Times. June 24, 2016.